American National Park Service and Wildlife

The Organic Act signed on August 25, 1916, created a law that for the effective management of national parks. The law reads in part: â€Å"to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations† (United States National Park Service 10).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American National Park Service and Wildlife specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A close reading of the law will reveal that the National Park Service and other outdoor management agencies have to focus on two key areas in park management. First of all, there is a need to preserve natural resources. Secondly, there is a need to provide means for people to recreate within the park. This mandate is easy to understand but at the same time it creates conflict in terms of ma naging the parks. It is therefore important to focus on conservation. If the parks are damaged beyond repair, then there is nothing that can be used for recreation. The Organic Act was signed in 1916 but it was not the first law in favor of conservation. On May 7, 1894, the U.S. Congress approved a piece of legislation that paved the way for the creation of the Yellowstone National Park. This law changed the way Americans view nature and wildlife. It was a landmark law made more interesting by the fact that 19th century America is not yet as urbanized as it is today. Therefore, the need for conservation, although an important endeavor, was not yet an urgent matter. There were still large tracts of land to explore and tame. At the same time there were fewer people back then. Furthermore, the industrialization of the United States was still at its early stage. There were only a few urban centers and pollution levels were low. When the law was signed, cars and airplanes were not yet po pular means of transportation. It is therefore important to point out the other reason why national parks were created in 1894. An evaluation of the events that led to the ratification of the 1894 law can help explain the two-tiered mandate that calls for conservation and recreation.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It will also help clarify the need to support the primary purpose of conservation and not recreation. It is interesting to find out that the 1894 law that led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park was a political act: The rise in attention to nature coincided with the search for identity and pride among American literati. When compared to Europe’s thousands of years of history, its fabric of ancient structures and sites, its rich cultural legacy built on many centuries of interchange, the United States appeared a rude, uncultured backwater †¦ Americans looked for elements in their own land to flaunt. In Yellowstone and Yosemite, Americans had what they needed (Dilsaver 7). The insight provided by these statement helps explain the true meaning of the Organic Act and the reason why it has to incorporate two conflicting statements regarding conservation and recreation. It is now easy to understand that national parks were never created solely for conservation purposes only. National parks were also established due to the need to show the world a facet of American identity. But if forced to choose between the two, conservation must be the top priority of the government. Conservation vs. Recreation The most important thing to consider is the conservation of the environment. A damaged environment takes years to rehabilitate. In the case of trees that are centuries old it may take several generations before authorities can bring it back to its natural beauty. The government and civic leaders have a moral responsibility to take care of the environment because the present generation is a mere steward of natural resources. They are not supposed to utilize, exploit, and consume natural resources without thinking of the future generation. They are also entitled to enjoy the natural beauty of national parks. It is the responsibility of the present generation to take care of the environment for the future generation of nature lovers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American National Park Service and Wildlife specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, it is easy to understand why national parks do not exist for the sake of conservation alone. The name itself suggests that national parks must be accessed by people. If this is not the case then authorities should rename national parks and call it restricted areas. A desperate attempt to protect the environment from poachers and vandals can lead to laws that will prohibit the enjoyment of said national parks. This must not be permitted because restricted access to these parks means that this area no longer serves its purpose. It can be argued that conservation efforts can be greatly enhanced if people are taught to appreciate nature. They can only appreciate the beauty of nature if they are allowed access to national parks. Restricted access will result in an expensive government project. It cannot pay for itself and becomes a burden to society. The funds generate by the parks must be wisely used to strengthen conservation efforts. If the government closes the national parks then the funding will quickly dry up. It will become a project that is too expensive to sustain. At the same time there is no need to spend millions of dollars for their upkeep if people are not allowed to hike through the trails, take pictures, and observer the works of Mother Nature. It is therefore crucial to develop creative strategies to balance the need for conservation and recreation. R ecommendations The ideal solution is to temporarily shutdown national parks in order to protect it from the impact of human activity. The purpose is to elevate its status as a protected area and therefore keep it in a pristine state, untouched by the destructive forces of human intervention. But in the 21st century Americans and foreigners long for adventure. They clamor for ways to break the monotony of urban living. It is therefore impossible for the government to prevent eco-tourism in these areas. Nevertheless, it is important to take note of the following issues in order to develop strategies to balance conservation efforts with the need to showcase national parks. According to one report the following are some of the negative impacts of human intrusions in national parks: Animals are being killed by motorists and this includes elk, mule deer and wolves; Health issues for wildlife caused by humans included the risk of disease transference; Disturbance to animal hunting, feedin g or undertaking other routines making other sensitive species to forgo the use of critical habitat for nesting or foraging resulting in increased mortality or decline in health, fecundity and population levels; Other problems include poor waste management, food refuse and feeding of animals which can greatly affect the ecosystem of the park; and Indirect effects of tourism are seen through fires, vehicles damaging the soil, noise and construction of facilities which not only spoils the landscape but adds to the pollution (Newsome 26). Human intrusions must be minimized. It is important to study the impact of communities established near national parks and find out if there is a practical way to relocate them. The entry of vehicles in the area must be significantly reduced to the bare minimum.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The designated area where vehicles can park and facilities can be constructed must also be drastically reduced. But aside from minimizing direct human intrusion, it is also important to eliminate other factors that contribute to the rapid degradation of national parks. The problems mentioned above are the results of direct intrusions by humans. However, there are actions that create an indirect impact to the conservation of natural resources. A good example of indirect intrusion was the destruction of coyotes in Yellowstone National Park. There was a time when people feared the presence of coyotes in national parks (Lindenmayer Fischer 12). The coyotes were hunted down. The authorities were oblivious to the fact that they are upsetting the delicate ecological balance of the park (Prato Fagre 25). The recommendations made can greatly affect ecotourism. It is important to also consider the value of ecotourism even if there is a need to limit human intrusions. Although it is of cruci al important to intensify conservation efforts, it must be made clear that the Organic Act was a law that allows for conservation and recreation. It is also important to consider sustainability. These parks generate funds that can be used for their upkeep. According to one report, â€Å"Ecotourism generates as much as $20 billion in revenue each year† and a significant portion of that is generated in U.S. national parks (Newsome, 27). There is a need to improve management techniques and conservation strategies but it is also necessary to allow people to recreate within these parks. One strategy is to educate visitors so that they will do their best to limit activities that directly affect the natural environment. It is therefore important to share the burden and not simply depend on the actions of the U.S. National Park Service. Conclusion National parks are places that showcase the natural treasures of the United States. Thus, it is important to conserve these areas and at t he same time allow for recreational activities. There is a need to limit human intrusions but at the same time there is a need for open access to national parks. It is a difficult challenge for conservationists and managers of national parks. There is a need to carefully balance these two goals. Conservation efforts are enhanced if more people come to appreciate the beauty of national parks. They will not be able to know if they are not allowed to explore the mountains and streams. They will not be able to appreciate if they are not allowed to observe wildlife in their natural habitat. On the other hand unrestricted access can destroy the environment. It is difficult to accomplish both goals. However, the Organic Act of 1916 allows conservation efforts and recreational activities. Works Cited Dilsaver, Lary. America’s National Park System: The Critical Documents. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1994. Lindenmayer, David and Joern Fischer. Habitat Fragmentation and Landscape Change:  An Ecological and Conservation Synthesis. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2006. Newsome, David. Wildlife Tourism. New York: Channelview Publications, 2005. Prato, Tony and Dan Fagre. National Parks and Protected Areas: Approaches  for Balancing Social, Economic and Ecological Values. Iowa: Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2005. U.S. National Park Service. Management Policies 2006. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. This essay on American National Park Service and Wildlife was written and submitted by user Aarav Gray to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

East India Company - History of Britain

East India Company - History of Britain The East India Company was a private company which, after a long series of wars and diplomatic efforts, came to rule India in the 19th century. Chartered by Queen Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, the original company comprised a group of London merchants who hoped to trade for spices at islands in present day Indonesia. Ships of the companys first voyage sailed from England in February 1601. After a series of conflicts with Dutch and Portuguese traders active in the Spice Islands, the East India Company concentrated its efforts on trading on the Indian subcontinent. The East India Company Began to Focus on Importing From India In the early 1600s the East India Company began dealing with the Mogul rulers of India. On the Indian coasts, English traders set up outposts which would eventually become the cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. Numerous products, including silk, cotton, sugar, tea, and opium, began to be exported out of India. In return, English goods, including wool, silver, and other metals, were shipped to India. The company found itself having to hire its own armies to defend trading posts. And over time what began as a commercial enterprise also became a military and diplomatic organization. British Influence Spread Across India in the 1700s In the early 1700s the Mogul Empire was collapsing, and various invaders, including Persians and Afghans, entered India. But the major threat to British interests came from the French, who began seizing British trading posts. At the Battle of Plassey, in 1757, forces of the East India Company, though greatly outnumbered, defeated Indian forces backed by the French. The British, led by Robert Clive, had successfully checked the French incursions. And the company took possession of Bengal, an important region of northeastern India, which greatly increased the companys holdings. In the late 1700s, company officials became notorious for returning to England and showing off the enormous wealth they had accumulated while in India. They were referred to as nabobs, which was the English pronunciation of nawab, the word for a Mogul leader. Alarmed by reports of enormous corruption in India, the British government began to take some control over company affairs. The government began appointing the companys highest official, the governor-general. The first man to hold the governor-general position, Warren Hastings, was eventually impeached when members of Parliament became resentful at the economic excesses of the nabobs. The East India Company In the Early 1800s The successor to Hastings, Lord Cornwallis (who is remembered in America for having surrendered to George Washington during his military service in the American War of Independence) served as governor-general from 1786 to 1793. Cornwallis set a pattern which would be followed for years, instituting reforms and rooting out the corruption which allowed employees of the company to amass great personal fortunes. Richard Wellesley, who served as governor general in India from 1798 to 1805 was instrumental in extending the rule of the company in India. He ordered the invasion and acquisition of Mysore in 1799. And the first decades of the 19th century became an era of military successes and territorial acquisitions for the company. In 1833 the Government of India act enacted by Parliament actually ended the companys trading business, and the company essentially became the de facto government in India. In the late 1840s and 1850s the governor-general of India, Lord Dalhousie, began to utilize a policy known as the doctrine of lapse to acquire territory. The policy held that if an Indian ruler died without an heir, or was known to be incompetent, the British could take the territory. The British expanded their territory, and their income, by using the doctrine. But it was seen as illegitimate by the Indian population and led to discord. Religious Discord Led to the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny Throughout the 1830s and 1840s tensions increased between the company and the Indian population. In addition to acquisitions of land by the British causing widespread resentment, there were many problems centered on issues of religion. A number of Christian missionaries had been allowed into India by the East India Company. And the native population started to become convinced that the British intended to convert the entire Indian subcontinent to Christianity. In the late 1850s the introduction of a new type of cartridge for the Enfield rifle became a focal point. The cartridges were wrapped in paper which had been coated with grease, so as to make it easier to slide the cartridge down a rifle barrel. Among the native soldiers employed by the company, who were known as sepoys, rumors spread that the grease used in manufacturing the cartridges was derived from cows and pigs. As those animals were forbidden to Hindus and Muslims, there were even suspicions that the British purposely intended to undermine the religions of the Indian population. Outrage over the use of grease, and a refusal to use the new rifle cartridges, led to the bloody Sepoy Mutiny in the spring and summer of 1857. The outbreak of violence, which was also known as the Indian Revolt of 1857, effectively brought about the end of the East India Company. Following the uprising in India, the British government dissolved the company. Parliament passed the Government of India Act of 1858, which ended the companys role in India and declared that India would be governed by the British crown. The companys impressive headquarters in London, East India House, was torn down in 1861. In 1876 Queen Victoria would declare herself Empress of India. And the British would retain control of India until independence was achieved in the late 1940s.

Strategic Management Analysis assignement Assignment

Strategic Management Analysis assignement - Assignment Example Unique Resources / Capabilities 25 10.0 Sustainable Competitive Advantage 26 11.0 Summary of the Strengths and Weaknesses 27 Task C 28 12.0 Strategic Direction 28 12.1 Market Penetration 29 12.2 Product Development 29 12.3 Market Development 29 12.4 Diversification 30 13.0 Strategic Fit 30 14.0 Summary on Strategic Fit 33 References 34 1.0 Introduction The aim of the study has been to conduct a strategic analysis of an UK based airline company offering package holiday. Therefore, in this context, the company that has been chosen for the study is British Airways. British Airways is based in the UK and is the biggest scheduled airline that runs internationally (Scribd, 2009). It offers flight services of low fares for customers availing its holiday packages and carries the passengers to and from the centrally located airports. The company also offers holiday packages that consist of super value packages for hotels as well (The Telegraph, 2011). A person can enjoy both the flight facili ty as well as hotel facility and thus visit numerous destinations with British Airways which can save time as well as cost (British Airways, n.d.). Tour operators tend to put the numerous elements of the holidays and thus sell them as a package. The packages are sold either to the public directly or through travel agents. There are innumerable tour operators offering enormous ranges of the holidays as well as destinations (Holiday Bargains, n.d.). The term ‘package’ generally is defined as a set combination of two services at minimum. They must be offered at inclusive prices and must include components such as transports, accommodations or other services that are important for the tourists. The holiday market of the UK seems to be quite competitive and the industry tends to operate at quite low margins (BIS Department for Business Innovation & Skills, n.d.). The main rationale for choosing the company is that it is the leader in airline industry that offers both the fli ght as well as the holiday package services. The company chosen will assist in comprehending the trends of the airline company offering the package holiday in the UK. Task A 2.0 PESTEL Analysis The PESTEL analysis tends to classify the environmental components into political, socio cultural, economical, technological, environmental as well as legal. It assists in comprehending the main drivers leading to change as well as the external factors affecting an organization. Political Factors The political environment of the UK is quite stable. However, the terror attack had a major impact upon the package holiday industry of the UK. Such terror attacks led to tight security as well as strict immigration laws. The package holiday industry suffers in the long-term if such turmoil keeps on continuing. This tends to affect the perception of the tourists. In recent times, strikes called by the staffs of the British Airways had an impact upon its holiday business. In future, such scenario can occur which might have an impact